Is little orphan Annie a true story?

Is little orphan Annie a true story?
Yes and no. While some sources say it is based on a real person, it is not an autobiographical sketch, nor even a biography. It is a fictionalized account, although the author, poet James Whitcomb Riley, has said it was based on a true story, and the character first appeared in an 1885 poem. Years later, there was a comic strip about this character, created by Harold Gray, and ultimately, there was a famous Broadway musical play, "Annie."

James Whitcomb Riley has stated that he based the story on a little girl who came to live at his home in Greenfield, IN. Her name was Mary Alice Smith or "Allie" for short. When Riley first wrote the poem, it was entitled "The Elf Child." The character was "Little Orphant Allie." However, in a later printing a typesetter misread the handwriting and changed the "Allie" to "Annie." Riley at first complained, but his publisher told him that the edition was selling well and to just leave it as it was. So from that point on - it was Little Orphant Annie. (Riley's poems were often written with dialect, replicating the speech habits and patterns of the people he knew, rather than spelling their words correctly.)

Other contributors have said the following about it:

Riley also wrote another prose poem about Mary Alice - entitled "Where is Mary Alice Smith?" This details the arrival of the orphan girl to the Riley Home, and how she would enchant the children with her wild stories of fantasy.

Is it a stretch to believe that the Riley family was the basis for "Daddy Warbucks?" Maybe - but Reuben Riley - the poet's father was the first mayor of Greenfield, IN, a lawyer, a former member of the Indiana Legislature, a Captain during the Civil War - and lived in a nice fine home - when many were still in log cabins. There is considerable evidence that this was the case of a poor orphan girl who had nothing or no one who could look after her. She was brought to the home of a wealthy individual who employed servants in his home (a cook, and a handyman) - as added help for his wife who would be alone (he being gone during the war) with small children. I believe this is the basis for a "rich" family taking in a poor girl. However, Mary Alice did not live long with the Riley's and then she left - her relatives seeking a place for her closer to them in their own community.

Mary Alice lived less than a year with the Riley family. She ended up marrying a local farmer, John Wesley Gray, and lived out the rest of her life in a small cabin on their farm - the mother of 7 children.

Riley did look for her later in his life - and she was "rediscovered" shortly prior to his death in 1916. She was confirmed as being the inspiration for the Orphant Annie poem - by the poet himself, and became a minor celebrity after that point.